
If you have spent any time on social media over the past decade, you have almost certainly spoken to at least one synthetic person without realizing it. Probably more than one. Platforms purge fake accounts by the hundreds of thousands, and in 2024 researchers exposed coordinated influence operations that used AI chatbots to churn out posts, comments, and fake personas in several languages at once.
This is what propaganda looks like now. You picture propaganda as kitschy, cartoonish posters from the 1940s, and once upon a time you would have been right. Modern propaganda is almost entirely digital, and nowhere near as easy to spot.








